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Quick Technical Overview: What we think we know about UFOs

Summary: This page covers information about UFO shapes, types, colors, illumination, flight characteristics, speed, wobble, radiation, maneuvers, landing traces etc. With annotated examples of photographic cases of UFO sightings.

Information about UFOs from thousands of eye witness reports and physical evidence such as landing marks, photos, videos and radar data, has been compiled over the last 60 years. Such descriptions have been put in official documents as early as 1947. On 28-Oct-1947 General (USAF) George Schulgen, then Asst. Chief of Staff for Air Intelligence, issued a classified draft order (portions reprinted below) for American intelligence operatives throughout the world directing them to gather all potentially relevent information about "flying saucers":

"An alleged "Flying Saucer" type aircraft or object in flight, approximating the shape of a disc, has been reported by many observers from widely scattered places, such as the United States, Alaska, Canada, Hungary, the Island of Guam, and Japan. This object has been reported by many competent observers, including USAF rated officers. Sightings have been made from the ground as well as from the air.
[snip]
Commonly reported features that are very significant and which may aid in the investigation are as follows:
  1. Relatively flat bottom with extreme light-reflecting ability.
  2. Absence of sound except for an occasional roar when operating under super performance conditions.
  3. Extreme maneuverability and apparent ability to almost hover.
  4. A plan form approximating that of an oval or disc with a dome shape on the top surface.
  5. The absence of an exhaust trail except in a few instances when it was reported to have a bluish color, like a Diesel exhaust...
    [snip]
The first sightings in the U.S. were reported around the middle of May. The last reported sighting took place in Toronto, Canada, 14 September. The greatest activity in the U.S. was during the last week of June and the first week of July..."
 -- Brig.Gen. Schulgen "Intelligence Requirements on Flying Saucer Type Aircraft" 28-Oct-1947, a/k/a Schulgen memo [must-read!], obtained under FOIA from the US National Archives in 1985. What is remarkable about this order is that it goes into very specific details about saucer construction.

Based on 60 years of observations and data, UFO investigators have been able to arrive at several conclusions and theories, as presented in books and scientific papers, summarized below:

  1. Shapes/Types: Most UFOs are symmetrical objects (sometimes with protrusions, "extensions"). The highly repeating shapes include:
    Ref: NUFORC's Report Index by Shape of Craft and Cashman's Collections Of UFO Cases
  2. Sizes Range from 0.6m orbs/spheres (almost certainly pre-programmed or remote-controlled sensing devices) to over 600m for the motherships. Saucers, spheres and ellipsoidal craft ordinarily range 1-30m in diameter, typically 9m (30ft). Saturn-like objects (sphere with a "ring" at the equator) are in 2-15m range. Triangles / "V" / boomerang 3m-300m per side (although some of those sightings in the 1990s may have been of the rumored but of disputed existence TR-3B ASTRA 600ft / 180m wide US black-project craft). Oval/ellipsoidal craft 6m axial, 3m cross diameter. Conical "coolie hat" types about 200m (e.g. Costa Rica 1971, Korea 1950). There is also a "dirigible" version of 100m. For reference, a Boeing 747 "Jumbo jet", one of the largest passenger aircraft, has a length of 70m (230ft) and wingspan of 60m (195ft).
  3. Merging/Splitting: spheres and saucers leave and enter large cylinders, dirigibles and cones, i.e. smaller round-/discoid-/egg-shaped craft (thought to be "scout ships" / "earth excursion vehicles", as they are typically seen near the ground) are dispatched from larger cigar-/cylinder-/conical shaped "mother ships" (which typically stay at high altitudes), comparable to our "aircraft carrier paradigm", dispatching various aircraft, helicopters or UAVs.
  4. Rotation/Spin: Typically anti-clockwise. Often observed to have rotary components on the underside or around the perimeter of the craft, like a rotating ring at the circumference. The rim is described as rotating independently from the central part or cupola, which remains stationary. Occasionally the two parts rotate in opposite directions. Saucers are much less frequently seen to rotate in their entirety, despite the popular myth.
  5. Wobble: while hovering, many round craft exhibit a "wobble" (typically about 30°, ±15° from centerline), a rocking motion, like a gyroscope or a top (other expressions used by witnesses: "like a boat at anchor on water" or "tipping right and left").
  6. Jitter: at times they vibrate heavily. UFO motion is jerky and jittery at low speed. This could be an optical effect rather than a real jitter.
  7. Radiation: UFOs radiate intense X-rays and an incredibly strong magnetic field (these are NOT healthy), probably related to their flight mechanism. EM effects observed: often electrical circuitry and radio communications are interrupted, batteries are burned out, gasoline engines stop, compass swinging wildly. Absense of heat near a UFO only mild sensation of warmth, so not much infra-red radiation. The surfaces of the UFO are not very hot, nothing is at a red heat.

    UFOs often emit visible light when airborne (occasionally very bright, eye witnesses describe it as "dazzling" or "blinding" or "bright as a magnesium flare" or "it lit up the entire landscape" etc); emit invisible electromagnetic energy at the high frequency end of the spectrum, including UV and soft X-rays, as shown by the many cases of skinburn and eye irritation. Occasionally UFOs emit harder radiation like mild gamma rays, which have led to symptoms of radiation sickness in witnesses who have closely approached the objects. (e.g. Michalak, Falcon Lake, Canada 1967 CE2 and medical effects, more). However, lasting radioactivity, which would indicate the presence of particle radiation, has rarely been found at landing sites. A "corona", i.e. a luminous plasma (ionized air) is produced around specific areas of the UFO, probably created by the intense EM radiation (radiant ionization).

  8. Illumination and colors: Visible colors come from the ionized atmosphere ("plasma sheath") surrounding the UFO, not from the UFO itself, except by reflection from the UFO's surface.

    NASA/NACA aeronautical research engineer Paul Hill in his book "Unconventional Flying Objects" felt that the indefinite profile often reported for UFOs was the result of the ionized atmospheric gas or plasma surrounding the craft, which lights up the surrounding air like a neon sign. Plasmas in addition to radiating light, also absorb light at the same frequencies. Light from the edges of the craft must pass through a greater region of plasma to reach the eye or camera. If the plasma is particularly dense, the light is fully absorbed by the plasma and randomly re-radiated or scattered. As a result, the edges of the craft are indefinite, appearing fuzzy and luminous, or the "cotton ball" effect. The more central region, however, has a shorter path length to the eye, and may thus be visible through the plasma, though still distorted. Darkened regions could conceivably be the result of plasma absorption of light in the visible spectrum, with reradiation primarily in the non-visible, such as ultraviolet and infrared, but this is more speculative.

    "The phenomenon of ionized and excited atmospheric molecules around a UFO also ties together a number of related mysteries about the UFO. It accounts for the general nighttime appearance of the UFO: the many observed colors, the fiery, neon-like look, the self-illuminating character, the fuzzy, indefinite or even indiscernible outline, yet an appearance of solidity behind the light. In the daytime the same plasma is present, but usually invisible. Morning and evening, it is partly visible. The ion sheath also accounts for some daytime UFO characteristics such as a shimmering haze, nebulosity of the atmosphere or even smoke-like effects sometimes observed. The absorption characteristics of the plasma can also partly account for the daytime hazy or smoky appearance of the atmosphere around the UFO. When the surrounding illumination is brighter than the plasma, the plasma absorption may be greater than its emission, making it look darker or hazy."

    The silvery grey with an aureole of dark orange / dark cherry red ("burgundy") is seen at "low energy" mode of operation, when the object is stationary or traveling very slowly. Then comes the vivid red. The intense ultraviolet that gives the skin burns, when the telltale strong blue of nitrogen ionization is present. At higher accelerations the blue, purple and brilliant white appear.

    • In daylight: UFOs range from a bright "metallic" polished silver / chrome to dull aluminum. Flat-bottomed disks are often darker underneath, in a central circular area or in an annular ring near the rim.
    • At night, there are two variations:
      1. Running lights in many patterns: Sometimes they blink, making the object look like a Christmas tree or theater marquee.
      2. Illumination: Solid color in red, orange, amber, yellow, blue, blue-violet, brilliant white singly or in combinations. Though sometimes described as "flames" or "exhaust", close observations have shown that this luminosity does not have a high temperature, and it probably represents an ionization of the local atmosphere similar to what occurs in a neon light.

        Halos: The night-time neon-like, solid color luminosity emanating from an envelope of air around the craft, like a halo, rather than from the vehicle directly. This halo tends to obscure the vehicle, making the edges indistinguishable. In saucers and saturns the halo concentrates near the "ring" rim more intensely below than above it. Usually emits luminosity in a shape which depends on its current maneuver, such as an ice cream cone halo underneath the saucer. The big cylindrical mother ships sometimes have great white cloud.

      • Note: It has been noticed in UFO sightings that the object when stationary gives out less light than when in motion. This rule, of course, is not invariable. UFOs emanating no (visible) light at all have been seen moving at high speed, while others glowing brightly have been seen to hover and even to land.
  9. Flight Characteristics: UFOs can travel through air, underwater (a/k/a USOs = unidentified submerged objects, see www.waterufo.net and Blue Book UFO Reports at Sea by Ships) and in the vacuum of space (10m disks observed as high as 200 miles from surface of Earth, so they are space-capable).
  10. Maneuvers: Hovering at any altitude is common. UFOs hover close to the ground for long times instead of landing. UFOs often tilt to perform maneuvers: they sit level to hover, tilt forward to move forward, tilt backward to stop, bank to turn. They often move in steps: "undulating, like bat" (Trindade, Brazil), "like speed boats on rough water", "weaved like the tail of a Chinese kite" or "like a saucer skipping on water" (Arnold 1947). The different maneuvers include:
    • acute-angle turn with rapid stop at the vertex
    • sudden reversal of direction (zig-zag moves)
    • bank and turn - exactly like conventional aircraft
    • high-angle (typically 45°), high acceleration ("like a bullet") departures on ballistic-arc trajectories. These flight characteristics have been thoroughly researched by Paul Hill.
    • descend by "falling leaf" or UFO-rock, like a coin falling in water (where the object swings like a pendulum from side to side while descending). This maneuver to lose altitude was first used in human flight by Paul Hill, the NASA engineer who invented the flying platform and wrote one of the most interesting books about UFOs
    • silver-dollar wobble - like a coin with a slow spin on a flat surface. This maneuver is consistently observed at the end of a rapid descent as the UFO initiates hovering
    A curious phenomenon has been 'ground-hugging' / 'terrain following' (following the contour of the earth, maintaining a constant altitude) for no apparent necessity.
  11. Landing Traces: Sometimes UFOs do a belly-landing, producing swirled-down grass rings / nest-like imprints ("saucer nests"). Othertimes UFOs simply hover at a very low altitude, creating annular rings of heat-damaged soil with chemical and physical alterations, subsoil burning of plant roots and unusual effects on the exposed plants (such as changes in the chlorophyll). In other cases, they extend retractable landing gear of some sort, usually legs with footpads. It is these landing gear which have left marks on the ground amenable to pressure analysis, and from which we have been able to estimate the probable weight and density of some UFOs.
  12. UFOs observed near or on the ground consistently fall in these groups:
    • Smaller hemispherical (= dome, helmet, mushroom) / spherical / conical objects, from 1.2-4m (4ft-12ft) in diameter, sometimes with external "vents" or "extensions". They rarely touch the ground but remain stationary 1-5ft above ground surface. Generally leave behind circular areas which are depressed, burnt or dehydrated.[example]
    • An egg-shaped object 2-2.5m (6-8ft) long [drawing or see photo from Dec-2006 MA, USA case], which hovers with the long axis vertical.
    • An elongated cylinder without external appendages, comparable in size to the body of a jet fighter, that flies in the direction of its axis.
    • A spherical object about 15 ft in diameter.
    • Oval/Egg-Shaped Objects, 5-6m (16-20ft) [drawing, cases] in length with visible landing legs, generally four, on occasion six. These make ground contact, leaving burnt areas, imprints, some tree damage. Small humanoid beings are often reported. Weight: 30 tons for an oval craft 6 meters axial, 3 meters cross diameter. This is 965kg/m3, which is like our modern nuclear submarines, but is more than our jet airplanes.
    • Typical Flying Saucer, 3m - 12m (avg 9m/30ft) in diameter. They land, leaving burnt or depressed areas with an irregular configuration. Larger disks typically have retractable landing gear, three legs in equilateral triangle of 6m sides, with rectangle or 15x30cm footpads with X-print, for a 12 meter disk.
    (ref: CPTR's 30yr of physical trace case reports)
  13. Wakes: dirigibles and cylinders have plume-like wakes when accelerating rapidly or moving at high speeds. These wakes are gray to straw-colored in daylight, flame-colored at night. UFOs can move slow at 100 mph without generating a wake.
  14. Speed: Up to 9000mph [14500Kph, 4Km/s, Mach 12] (from military radar observations) in the Earth's atmosphere, as well as being able to hover motionless in the sky.
  15. Acceleration: Can accomplish 100g (Note this 100g figure is what is seen by external observers. The ship itself and its occupants may be in the local inertial frame LIF motion of "free-float" i.e. zero g just like our astronauts orbiting the Earth with rockets switched off and no spinning of the craft). Hill points out that the dazzling maneuver performance of UFO scout ships seems to result from their being over-designed for the investigation of planet Earth. If the UFO mission is planetary exploration, the high-g capability they demonstrate would enable them to explore giant planets with gravity on the order of 100 times Earth gravity. Exploring Earth is UFO PLAY.
  16. Propulsion: Paul Hill speculated that the method of propulsion utilizes a "force field" that works on metals as well as non-metals. This field is a non-shieldable field much like gravity, but it can be repulsive as well as attractive. Indeed, witness reports describe that these fields bend and break tree branches, bump or slow automobiles spinning them out of control or tipping them over, stop people by force or knock them down. There is no jet propulsion. There is no ejection of propellant of any kind.
  17. Sound: hum, buzz, whine at close quarters (most UFO "sounds" heard by humans are believed to be due to the pulsed microwave frequency energy stimulating the auditory nerve, not pressure of sound waves to the eardrum). Sound rises in both pitch and intensity seconds before and during take-off. Steady motion either a light swish-of-air sound or running absolutely silent. Operation is almost completely silent compared to conventional jets and rocket engines. No shock waves or 'sonic boom' are produced even when the UFOs are traveling several times the speed of sound. Shock waves appear to be generated only in few cases, at take-off. One theory for this is manipulation of the acceleration-type force field, resulting in a constant-pressure, compression-free zone without shockwave in which the vehicle is surrounded by a subsonic flow-pattern of streamlines and subsonic velocity ratios; another theory is using a magnetic field to part the ionized air (plasma) around the UFO.
  18. Disappearance: Rarely mentioned, this is probably the most disputed aspect of reported UFO behaviour. In previous decades, UFO researchers assumed that UFOs accelerate out of the picture so quickly, that witnesses fail to notice. However, there are cases where "disappearance" or "invisibility" is more strongly suggested. (Is it "supernatural", as the UFO-deniers would claim? Read demonstration of a working "invisibility cloak" by scientists at Duke University's Pratt School of Engineering) or watch the "optical camouflage" videos.)

Apparently the US Firefighters are aware of the safety risks associated with UFOs:

Firefighters FEMA UFO Manual (UFO) The following excerpt appeared in Fire Officer's Guide to Disaster Control by William M. Kramer and Charles W. Bahme. It is copyright (c)1992 by Fire Engineering Books & Videos, Saddle Brook, NJ. 641 pages ISBN 0-912212-26

WARNING "Near approaches of UFOs can be harmful to human beings. Do not stand under a UFO that is hovering at low altitude. Do not touch or attempt to touch a UFO that has landed. In either case the safe thing to do is to get away from there very quickly and let the military take over. There is a possibility of radiation danger and there are known cases where persons have been burned by rays emanating from UFOs. Don't take chances with UFOs!" -- Ch.13 Enemy Attack and UFO Potential

Lecture Notes About Flying Saucers 1954 by Prof. Hermann Oberth, German Rocket Scientist. Paul Norman obtained Oberth's translated lecture notes from Drs. Blumrich and Ferdie, at the Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama. In the notes Prof. Oberth gave his observations about UFOs as follows:

"There are about 50 observations known from the time before World War II. Then the number of appearances increased; the Allies thought it was a German secret weapon, and the Germans thought it was one of the Allies. Since 1947, the reports of eyewitnesses increased considerably. It is said by the English Air Marshall Lord Dowding that there have been 10,000 (reports) by 1953."

"The appearances are usually described as disks, sometimes as balls or ellipsoids. It sometimes happens that these disks place one upon the other, the largest in the center, the smaller toward the ends, to form an object the shape of a cigar, which then flies away with high speed. Sometimes one already saw such a cigar (UFO) stopping and untie into separate disks. The disks always fly in a manner as if the drive is acting perpendicular to the plane of the disk; when they are suspended over a certain terrain they keep horizontal; when they want to fly very quick, they tilt (tip) and fly with the plane directed forward. In sunlight, which is brighter than their own gleaming, they appear glittering like metal. They are dark orange and cherry red at night, if there is not much power necessary for the particular movement, for instance, when they are suspended calm. Then, they also do not shine very much. If more driving power is necessary, the shining increases (brightens) and they appear yellow, yellow-green, green like a copper flame and in a state of highest speed or acceleration extremely white. Sometimes they suddenly blink or extinguish. Their speed is sometimes very high, 19 km/sec has been measured with wireless measuring instruments (radar). Accelerations are so high that no man could stand it; he would be pressed to the wall and bruised. The accuracy of such measurements has not been doubted. If there would be only 3 or 4 measurements, I would not rely upon them and would wait for further measurements, but there is existing more than 50 such measurements; the wireless sets (radar) of the American Air Force and Navy, which are used in all fighters, cannot be so inaccurate that the information obtained with them can be doubted completely." -- src

IMHO the fact that many of these observations, reported quite consistently for 60 years, do not conform to currently accepted physics (in particular reactionless drive issues) is not the problem as skeptics suggest. Many have been suckered into this argument, that the observations have to comply with accepted physics theories before they can be accepted. This is untenable. If that had always been the criterion then physics would not have advanced one iota. The observations must be validated using other criteria, after which the physics must conform to these new observations, not vice versa.

References: Books by P.Hill, J.McCampbell, UFO illumination and performance, UFOlogy Chapter 2: The Vehicles, NUFORC reports by Shape, Summary of UFO key points, Physical effects of UFOs upon people (.PDF), Odors from UFOs (.PDF), Landing trace cases, Interim Report 2004, Ted Phillips' Physical Trace Catalogue, Dr.Harder on magnetic effects, analysis of UFO luminosity, Measurements, Calculations And Experiments Related To UFOs and other links of this page.

Source http://www.hyper.net
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